Innovative Anti-inflammatory Approaches in Chronic Liver Disease and Fibrosis
Keywords:
Chronic liver disease, Liver fibrosis, Anti-inflammatory treatments, Gene therapy, Biological therapiesAbstract
Chronic liver disease and fibrosis are significant health burdens worldwide, driven by persistent inflammation that exacerbates liver damage and impairs function. Traditional anti-inflammatory treatments, including corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and antiviral therapies, have limitations such as side effects, limited efficacy, and the risk of resistance. This review explores innovative approaches to managing liver inflammation and fibrosis, focusing on biological therapies, gene therapy and RNA-based treatments, natural compounds and dietary interventions, and microbiome modulation. Biologics like monoclonal antibodies and cytokine inhibitors offer targeted reduction of inflammation, while gene editing technologies and RNA interference present precise molecular interventions. Natural compounds and dietary changes provide holistic benefits, and microbiome modulation reveals the potential of gut-liver interactions in treatment strategies. The future of chronic liver disease management lies in these novel therapies, promising enhanced efficacy, reduced side effects, and personalized treatment plans. Advancing these innovations from research to clinical practice is essential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
References
Abdelnour, S. A., Xie, L., Hassanin, A. A., Zuo, E., & Lu, Y. (2021). The potential of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing as a treatment strategy for inherited diseases. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 9, 699597.
Ahmadi, M., Bekeschus, S., Weltmann, K.-D., von Woedtke, T., & Wende, K. (2022). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Recent advances in the use of synthetic COX-2 inhibitors. RSC Medicinal Chemistry, 13(5), 471-496.
Ahmed, O., Robinson, M. W., & O’Farrelly, C. (2021). Inflammatory processes in the liver: divergent roles in homeostasis and pathology. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 18(6), 1375-1386.
Anstee, Q. M., Castera, L., & Loomba, R. (2022). Impact of non-invasive biomarkers on hepatology practice: past, present and future. Journal of hepatology, 76(6), 1362-1378.
Bhattacharjee, G., Gohil, N., Khambhati, K., Mani, I., Maurya, R., Karapurkar, J. K., . . . Alzahrani, K. J. (2022). Current approaches in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing for biomedical and therapeutic applications. Journal of Controlled Release, 343, 703-723.
Bindu, S., Mazumder, S., & Bandyopadhyay, U. (2020). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective. Biochemical pharmacology, 180, 114147.
Busca, C., Arias, P., Sánchez-Conde, M., Rico, M., Montejano, R., Martín-Carbonero, L., . . . Olveira, A. (2022). Genetic variants associated with steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients with NAFLD. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 905126.
Cao, Y., Ji, C., & Lu, L. (2020). Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. Annals of translational medicine, 8(8).
Chen, S., Zhuang, D., Jia, Q., Guo, B., & Hu, G. (2024). Advances in Non-Invasive Molecular Imaging Probes for Liver Fibrosis Diagnosis. Biomaterials Research.
Geervliet, E., & Bansal, R. (2020). Matrix metalloproteinases as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in liver diseases. Cells, 9(5), 1212.
Golabi, P., Paik, J. M., Eberly, K., de Avila, L., Alqahtani, S. A., & Younossi, Z. M. (2022). Causes of death in patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease and chronic viral Hepatitis B and C. Annals of hepatology, 27(1), 100556.
Heyens, L. J., Busschots, D., Koek, G. H., Robaeys, G., & Francque, S. (2021). Liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: from liver biopsy to non-invasive biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment. Frontiers in medicine, 8, 615978.
Jang, D.-i., Lee, A.-H., Shin, H.-Y., Song, H.-R., Park, J.-H., Kang, T.-B., . . . Yang, S.-H. (2021). The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in autoimmune disease and current TNF-α inhibitors in therapeutics. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(5), 2719.
Kadiri, D. D., Peela, S., & Ganguli, D. (2022). Effect of cirrhosis and hepatitis on the prognosis of liver cancer. In Theranostics and Precision Medicine for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (pp. 51-72): Elsevier.
Karsdal, M. A., Daniels, S. J., Holm Nielsen, S., Bager, C., Rasmussen, D. G., Loomba, R., . . . Shevell, D. (2020). Collagen biology and non‐invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Liver International, 40(4), 736-750.
Kim, B.-G., Malek, E., Choi, S. H., Ignatz-Hoover, J. J., & Driscoll, J. J. (2021). Novel therapies emerging in oncology to target the TGF-β pathway. Journal of hematology & oncology, 14, 1-20.
Li, H.-Y., Zhou, D.-D., Gan, R.-Y., Huang, S.-Y., Zhao, C.-N., Shang, A., . . . Li, H.-B. (2021). Effects and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics on metabolic diseases targeting gut microbiota: A narrative review. Nutrients, 13(9), 3211.
Liu, Y., Dong, Y., Wu, X., Xu, X., & Niu, J. (2022). The assessment of mesenchymal stem cells therapy in acute on chronic liver failure and chronic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Stem cell research & therapy, 13(1), 204.
Longo, M., Meroni, M., Paolini, E., Erconi, V., Carli, F., Fortunato, F., . . . Macchi, C. (2022). TM6SF2/PNPLA3/MBOAT7 loss-of-function genetic variants impact on NAFLD development and progression both in patients and in in vitro models. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13(3), 759-788.
Moreno-Torres, M., Quintás, G., & Castell, J. V. (2022). The potential role of metabolomics in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) assessment. Metabolites, 12(6), 564.
Ozturk, A., Olson, M. C., Samir, A. E., & Venkatesh, S. K. (2022). Liver fibrosis assessment: MR and US elastography. Abdominal Radiology, 1-14.
Peiseler, M., Araujo David, B., Zindel, J., Surewaard, B. G., Lee, W.-Y., Heymann, F., . . . Guillot, A. (2023). Kupffer cell–like Syncytia replenish resident macrophage function in the Fibrotic liver. Science, 381(6662), eabq5202.
Quazi, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence and machine learning in precision and genomic medicine. Medical Oncology, 39(8), 120.
Rockey, D. C., & Friedman, S. L. (2021). Fibrosis regression after eradication of hepatitis C virus: from bench to bedside. Gastroenterology, 160(5), 1502-1520. e1501.
Roehlen, N., Crouchet, E., & Baumert, T. F. (2020). Liver fibrosis: mechanistic concepts and therapeutic perspectives. Cells, 9(4), 875.
Rouzer, C. A., & Marnett, L. J. (2020). Structural and chemical biology of the interaction of cyclooxygenase with substrates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Chemical Reviews, 120(15), 7592-7641.
Shi, N., Wang, Z., Zhu, H., Liu, W., Zhao, M., Jiang, X., . . . Luo, L. (2022). Research progress on drugs targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway in fibrotic diseases. Immunologic Research, 70(3), 276-288.
Shiha, G., & Mousa, N. (2020). Noninvasive Biomarkers for Liver Fibrosis. Liver Diseases: A Multidisciplinary Textbook, 427-441.
Tanwar, S., Rhodes, F., Srivastava, A., Trembling, P. M., & Rosenberg, W. M. (2020). Inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C. World journal of gastroenterology, 26(2), 109.
Usai, C., Maestro, S., Camps, G., Olague, C., Suárez-Amaran, L., Vales, A., . . . Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza, G. (2020). TNF-alpha inhibition ameliorates HDV-induced liver damage in a mouse model of acute severe infection. JHEP reports, 2(3), 100098.
Wang, W., Yang, N., Yang, Y.-H., Wen, R., Liu, C.-F., & Zhang, T.-N. (2021). Non-coding RNAs: Master regulators of inflammasomes in inflammatory diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research, 5023-5050.
Wazir, H., Abid, M., Essani, B., Saeed, H., Khan, M. A., Nasrullah, F., . . . Muzammil, M. A. (2023). Diagnosis and treatment of liver disease: current trends and future directions. Cureus, 15(12).
Zuñiga-Aguilar, E., & Ramírez-Fernández, O. (2022). Fibrosis and hepatic regeneration mechanism. Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7.
